Hemp (Cannabis sativa) is an herbaceous, annual, and dioecious plant belongs to the Cannabaceae family and grows in some parts of Iran. In the present study, the genetic diversity between and within the populations of 10 local cultivated landraces from Iran was evaluated, using multiple datasets (agro-morphological and biochemical traits, seed oil fatty acid compositions, and ISSR (Inter simple sequence repeats) markers. The analysis of vari- ance based on the morpho-biochemical traits and oil compositions indicated significant differences among studied hemp populations (P < 0.01). Of the identified fatty acids, linoleic acid (53.02 %), -linolenic acid (18.98 %), oleic acid (15.20 %), palmitic acid (6.61 %), and stearic acid (2.96 %) composed 77.79 % of total seed oil content. The content of major fatty acids varied greatly among the populations. Kermanshah had the highest proportion of linoleic acid (54.03 %), Hamedan; -linolenic acid (21.47 %), Alborz; oleic acid (16.75 %), Kohkylouih-and-Boyerahmad; palmitic acid (6.82 %), and Khuzestan; stearic acid (3.23 %). In this study, 14 ISSR primers, produced 231 high-resolution bands, of which 198 (85 %) were polymorphic. Population structure inference showed that the hemp single plants in populations were distributed into six genetic clusters that were matched with UPGMA clusters. The results showed that the highest genetic distance was observed between Kerman and Markazi populations. The findings of this study can be used in future programs for the breeding of Iranian hemp landraces.
